Infectious disease epidemiology has undergone significant evolution over the years, driven by advancements in technology, changes in human behavior, and the emergence of new pathogens. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the key developments in infectious disease epidemiology and discusses their implications for public health. The review begins by tracing the historical milestones in the field, from the early recognition of infectious diseases to the development of modern epidemiological methods. It then explores how infectious disease surveillance systems have evolved to better monitor and respond to outbreaks, including the role of big data and digital technologies in enhancing disease detection and tracking. Furthermore, the review examines the impact of globalization and urbanization on the spread of infectious diseases, highlighting the importance of international cooperation and coordination in addressing global health threats. The changing dynamics of infectious disease transmission, such as the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the re-emergence of vaccine-preventable diseases, are also discussed in detail. Additionally, the review explores the role of social determinants of health in shaping patterns of disease transmission and susceptibility, emphasizing the need for a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to infectious disease control. Moreover, the review delves into the challenges posed by emerging infectious diseases, such as zoonotic infections and novel pathogens, and discusses strategies for pandemic preparedness and response. The evolving field of molecular epidemiology and genomics is highlighted as a powerful tool for understanding disease transmission dynamics and guiding public health interventions. Finally, the review concludes by outlining future directions for infectious disease epidemiology, including the integration of One Health approaches, the use of predictive modeling and artificial intelligence, and the importance of global health equity in combating infectious diseases.