Modern imaging techniques play a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management of oral and dental diseases. This paper provides a comprehensive review of advanced imaging modalities used in dentistry, focusing on their principles, applications, advantages, and limitations. Various imaging techniques, including digital radiography, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and optical coherence tomography (OCT), are explored in detail, highlighting their utility in different clinical scenarios. The paper also discusses recent advancements in imaging technology, such as three-dimensional (3D) imaging, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted diagnosis, and virtual reality (VR) simulations, and their potential impact on oral healthcare delivery. Additionally, considerations for selecting the appropriate imaging modality based on diagnostic needs, patient characteristics, and cost-effectiveness are addressed. By synthesizing current evidence and best practices, this review aims to enhance understanding of modern imaging techniques in dentistry and inform clinical decision-making for improved patient care.