AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ProTaper Universal Retreatment system using rotational motion and Wave One system using reciprocating motion in the removal of root canal filling material. MATERIAL & METHODOLOGY: A total of 90 extracted single rooted mandibular premolars were decoronated which were then instrumented with ProTaper Universal System and later obturated using lateral condensation with AH Plus sealer. The teeth were randomly distributed into two groups of 45 teeth in each group. Filling material was removed after 7 days using ProTaper Universal Retreatment System and Wave One System. The samples were split longitudinally and pictures were captured under stereomicroscope followed by analysis for remaining material using software AutoCAD. Total time for the removal of material was also recorded. RESULTS: Study demonstrated significant difference between two groups. Both the systems left residual debris in the canal. But Wave One System had lesser amount of remaining debris and also took lesser time for retreatment when compared to ProTaper Universal System.