Background: Several factors pose a risk for developing surgical site infection including preoperative, operative and postoperative events. Aim: Assess the risk factors associated with surgical site infections in the infancy period. Design: An exploratory descriptive research design. Setting: In-patient pediatric surgical department and outpatient clinic at Cairo-University Specialized Pediatric Hospital. Sample: A purposive sample of 60 newborn and infants. Tools: Three tools were used structured interview questionnaire, surgical site infections assessment rating scale and neonatal infant pain scale